Prussian blue (PB)-based materials can be used in various applications-sodium ion batteries, seawater batteries, or other applications like sensors. In our lab, we are developing multi-level strategies to control the mechanical/electrochemical properties of PBs. At the synthesis level, we control the reaction kinetics of PB to exposure crystal facet, enabling visual tracking of particle growth. For material-level, various post-synthesis strategies like surface coating or dehydration to address crystal water-induced side reaction. In case of electrode-level, we are focusing on enhancing electrode and energy density for sodium-ion batteries by tailoring PB's morphologies to be spherical secondary particle. Furthermore, in terms of optimizing cell operating condition, we are optimizing electrolyte composition and studying effects of each components on formation of robust cathode-electrolyte interphase, ultimately aming at long-term stability.

Aqueous Zn-ion battery systems are gaining attention as safe, cost-effective, and scalable solutions for grid-level applications. Zn metal anodes offers key advantages including a low redox potential (-0.76 vs. standard hydrogen electrode), high theoretical capacity (~820 mAh g-1 and ~5833 mAh L-1), and high environmental friendliness. Moreover, the use of aqueous electrolytes not only ensures high safety and ionic conductivity but also simplifies system design and thermal management. Our research focuses on developing advanced electrode materials and interface engineering strategies to solve critical challenges—such as zinc corrosion, dendrite growth, and narrow electrochemical voltage windows—that currently limit the commercial deployment of aqueous Zn-based systems. Through material innovation and surface modification, we aim to enhance long-term performance, safety, and cost-efficiency for next-generation energy storage solutions.

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered promising next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density and the natural abundance of sulfur. However, their practical application is hindered by critical challenges such as the low electrical conductivity of sulfur and lithium sulfide (Li₂S), the shuttle effect of soluble lithium polysulfides, and sluggish redox kinetics. To overcome these issues, we focus on advanced cathode design by incorporating carbon-based catalysts to enhance sulfur utilization and promote Li₂S conversion, alongside rational electrolyte engineering to stabilize polysulfide intermediates and facilitate efficient ion transport.